Purpose
The purpose of this project was to see if the different amounts
of sizing in each piece of paper effected the way each mixture of pigments and
binders reacted to it. Another purpose for this experiment was to use the Colorimeter
and measure to see if the different binders mixed with the different pigments
made the color lighter or darker.
Factors
* the amount of sizing in each piece of paper
Variables
*the type of pulp used to make the paper
*the type of pigment and binder
Materials
Cotton Fiber Pulp
Deckle Box
Sizing
Yellow Pigment
Blue Pigment
Gum Arabic
Egg Yolk
Linseed Oil
Butter
Water
Hypothesis
I believe that as the amount of sizing increases with each
sheet of paper it will make it less absorbent. I do not think that the paper
will absorb the gum arabic or the egg yolk, but I do think that the linseed
oil and the butter might absorb through the paper. As for the colorimeter readings
I would think that the samples that are the thickest such as the gum arabic
would be the darkest and the ones that are more of a liquid such as the egg
yolk will be brighter.
Procedure for Papermaking
I made four pieces of paper made out of white cotton pulp
that has already been beaten. I used a deckle box to make the paper because
it was the easiest way to add the sizing. In order to create paper using a deckle
box I filled the box with water and added 150 mL of cotton pulp. Then I took
a piece of screen and mixed the pulp around in the water. This is when I added
the sizing:
1st Piece: 2 drops of sizing
2nd Piece: 4 drops of sizing
3rd Piece: 6 drops of sizing
4th Piece: 8 drops of sizing
The sizing is used to strengthen the paper. The more sizing
you add to paper the stronger it becomes, therefore liquids or anything else
cannot be absorbed into the paper. After I added the sizing to the mixture of
pulp and water I let all of the out of the deckle box and placed my piece of
paper onto a piece of felt and covered it with another. I then took a type of
rolling pin and drained most of the water from the paper. Then I placed the
paper to dry on a board overnight. After each piece of paper dried I had to
iron them in order for the sizing to work.
Observations for Papermaking
| Paper |
Amount of Sizing |
Observations |
| Piece # 1 |
2 drops |
the paper looked as though all of the fibers had not been
beaten completely. |
| Piece #2 |
4 drops |
here I forgot to drained the water from the paper after I
removed it from the deckle box so it was not as thin as the first sheet
of paper. This was because it still had a lot of water in it. |
| Piece #3 |
6 drops |
when I poured a new batch of water into the deckle box before
I made this piece of paper I noticed the color was darker that before. I
did not think that this would effect the color of my paper so I continued
with the procedure. When I removed the paper from the deckle box and drained
the water from it I placed in on the board next to the other two pieces
and I noticed a significant difference in the color. The paper had turned
a yellow/tan color. |
| Piece #4 |
8 drops |
This piece of paper appeared to be the most thin out of all
four which could have to do with the amount of sizing that was in this piece.
There were no signs of fiber threads probably because it was so thin. |
Procedure for Mixing Pigments and Binders
For this experiment I only wanted to use two colored pigments
and since we had made pigments in one of our previous labs I decided to go ahead
and use those. Because I did not have to make the pigments the next step was
to mix each pigment with each binder separately. We had worked with gum arabic
and egg yolk before so I knew what to expect, but I did not know how the linseed
oil and butter would react with both the yellow and blue pigment. Throughout
this part of the project I always followed the same procedure. I mixed the yellow
pigment with the binder, then painted a sample of each sheet of paper. Then
I added water to each mixture and painted a sample onto the paper. After the
yellow pigment had been mixed with all the binders I moved on to the blue. I
mixed the blue pigment with all of the binders and painted samples onto each
of the pieces of paper then I added water to the mixture and painted sample
of that as well After all the pigments and binders were mixed and the samples
were painted onto the paper, I let the paper dry and then took colorimeter readings
of each of the samples.
Observations of Pigment and Binder Mixtures
Gum Arabic
| Pigment Color |
Drops of Gum Arabic |
Observations |
Drops of Water |
Observations |
| Yellow |
11 drops |
when I mixed the yellow pigment and gum arabic together it formed a bright
yellow liquid. It was very smooth and easy to paint with. |
15 drops |
when I added water to the mixture it became even more of a liquid than
before. The mixture was more smooth and thinner due to the water. |
| Blue |
44 drops |
when I mixed the blue pigment and gum arabic
together it did not form a liquid but formed into solid clumps. This mixture
was more difficult to paint with and that's why the sample is so uneven
on all the sheets of paper. |
15 drops |
The water added to this mixture did not change very much.
It allowed the pigment to mixed with the water but not very much. However,
there is a difference in the sample with water and the sample without water.
The sample with water is thinner. |
Linseed Oil
| Pigment Color |
Drops of Linseed Oil |
Observations |
Drops of Water |
Observations |
| Yellow |
24 drops |
By adding the 24 drops of linseed oil this made the pigment into a liquid
but it was not smooth it as very powdery. |
15 drops |
I added 5 drops of water first and the pigment absorbed the water right
away. Then I added 5 more drops and the mixture became somewhat of a liquid.
After another 5 drops the mixture was a liquid but it was still powdery.
|
| Blue |
18 drops |
By adding the linseed oil to the blue pigment it turned a very dark blue
and became a liquid. This mixture was powdery as well |
15 drops |
When I first started to add the water bubbles started to form in the mixture.
It looked very thick and powdery but then it smoothed out a little bit.
|
Egg Yolk
| Pigment Color |
Amount of Egg Yolk |
Observations |
Amount of Water |
Observations |
| Yellow |
1 egg yolk |
when I mixed the yolk and the yellow pigment together it formed
into a soft solid. The mixture was very thick and it was a dark yellow color |
15 drops |
When I added the water the mixture became more of a liquid
and it was thinner than before. |
| Blue |
1 egg yolk |
I tried to mix the blue pigment and the egg yolk
together but they never formed as one. The yolk turned blue but the mixture
had clumps of pigment in it. Not all of the pigment mixed in with the yolk.
|
15 drops |
The only thing the water did was made the mixture
thinner and more of a liquid. It did not change the fact that the pigment
did not fully mix with the yolk. |
Butter
| Pigment Color |
Drops of Butter |
Observations |
Drops of Water |
Observations |
| Yellow |
25 drops |
When I mixed the yellow pigment with the butter the results
were very similar to the linseed oil only smoother. The mixture was powdery
but it was thinner than the linseed oil mixture. |
15 drops |
With the water added the mixture was thinner but it still
had a powdery look and feel. |
| Blue |
25 drops |
This mixture was similar to the linseed oil too. The color
became very dark blue and it was thicker than the yellow pigment. |
15 drops |
Adding water to this mixture seemed to make the color even
darker than before. But the water did thin out the mixture and was not as
powdery. |
Observations of How the Mixtures React to the Paper
What I wanted to observe about this part of the experiment
was if the amount of sizing made a difference in how the mixtures reacted with
the paper.
Paper #1 - Sizing: 2 drops
When looking at paper #1 you can see the outline of every
sample when looking at the back of the paper. The samples that have clearly
absorbed through the paper is the linseed oil. Although all of the linseed oil
samples showed through the one that absorbed straight through the paper was
the blue pigment mixed with the oil alone. The butter mixtures also absorbed
into the paper. I believe that this occurred because butter contains oil in
it and the reason it did not completely absorbs through the paper is because
there are other components of butter.
Paper #2 - Sizing: 4 drops
This piece of paper is a little thicker than the other but
the linseed oil mixtures still absorbed through the paper. Like the first piece,
the mixture of blue pigment and linseed oil absorbed straight through the paper.
The color on the backside of the paper is not blue, but a reddish-orange color.
Paper #3 - Sizing: 6 drops
This piece of paper is very thin and so it was easier for
the mixtures to absorbed into it not matter how much sizing is in it. All four
of the linseed oil mixtures absorbed through and all four of the butter mixtures
did as well Once again the blue pigment mixed with the oil gives off a reddish-
orange color. The rest of the colors are the same. On the front side of the
paper the first three oil samples are outline in oil from where it absorbed
into the paper. And if you put the paper up to the light you can see a faint
ring around the first two samples of butter.
Paper #4 - Sizing: 8 drops
This piece of paper is clearly the least absorbent. The only
sign on the back side of the paper is the reddish-orange color given off by
the blue pigment sample. Here I can even tell that not as much oil can be seen
on this side of the paper.
Colorimeter Readings
The reason that I took the colorimeter readings was because
I wanted to see if there was any significant different in the pigments that
were mixed with each binder. What I found out was that there was not a vast
different in the color. If you compare the reading from each paper the colors
are very similar, only varying by a couple of numbers. The only vast difference
I found was the color of the blue pigment that was mixed with the butter and
water on paper # 4. Here I am showing the colorimeter readings from the first
piece of paper which is similar to papers 2 and 3 and the colorimeter reading
from paper #4.
*the bold print the is number that is different*
 |
|
|
PAPER #1
Yellow
|
*L* |
*A* |
*B* |
Munsell Reading |
PAPER #1
Blue
|
*L* |
*A* |
*B* |
Munsell Reading |
| Gum Arabic |
81.15 |
-9.9 |
79.77 |
7.1Y - 8/11.1 |
Gum Arabic |
65.7 |
-3.75 |
-2.71 |
3.2B - 6.5/1 |
| Gum Arabic with Water |
82.79 |
-10.63 |
80.43 |
7.2Y - 8.2/11.2 |
Gum Arabic with Water |
42.96 |
-6.58 |
-8.12 |
5.5B - 4.2/2.4 |
| Linseed Oil |
77.4 |
-2.56 |
64.81 |
4.6Y - 7.6/9.2 |
Linseed Oil |
39.52 |
-1.26 |
3.82 |
.1GY - 3.9/.5 |
| Linseed Oil with Water |
71.49 |
-4.13 |
61.75 |
5.4Y - 7/8.8 |
Linseed Oil with Water |
20.55 |
-1.94 |
-4.3 |
7.9B - 2/1.1 |
| Egg Yolk |
71.27 |
-3.26 |
61.51 |
5Y - 7/8.7 |
Egg Yolk |
38.09 |
-1.7 |
-13.26 |
3.6PB - 3.7/3.2 |
| Egg Yolk with Water |
71.21 |
-4.08 |
61.99 |
5.3Y - 7/8.8 |
Egg Yolk with Water |
47.04 |
-.53 |
-13.82 |
3.7PB - 4.6/3.3 |
| Butter |
80.26 |
-5.24 |
80.43 |
5.4Y - 7.9/11.5 |
Butter |
20.98 |
2.03 |
-4.39 |
8.5PB - 2/1 |
| Butter with Water |
84.23 |
-9.77 |
83.84 |
6.8Y - 8.3/11.7 |
Butter with Water |
16.89 |
1.34 |
-6.47 |
5.5PB - 1.6/1.5 |
|
| PAPER # 1 Cotton: Sizing- 2 drops |
|
|
 |
|
|
| PAPER #2 Cotton: Sizing- 4 drops |
PAPER #3 Cotton: Sizing- 6 drops |
|
 |
|
PAPER #4
Yellow
|
*L* |
*A* |
*B* |
Munsell Reading |
PAPER #4
Blue
|
*L* |
*A* |
*B* |
Munsell Reading |
| Gum Arabic |
82.53 |
15.08 |
68.01 |
9.1Y - 8.2/9.4 |
Gum Arabic |
55.17 |
-1.35 |
-3.06 |
.1PB - 5.4/.8 |
| Gum Arabic with Water |
81.58 |
-9.66 |
80.26 |
6.8Y - 8.1/11.2 |
Gum Arabic with Water |
67.16 |
-7.85 |
.77 |
1.6GB - 6.6/1.5 |
| Linseed Oil |
71.74 |
.82 |
68.64 |
3.7Y - 7.1/9.9 |
Linseed Oil |
23.6 |
.28 |
1.96 |
1.8Y - 2.3/.2 |
| Linseed Oil with Water |
68.78 |
-.99 |
67.63 |
4.4Y - 6.8/9.8 |
Linseed Oil with Water |
22.62 |
.48 |
1.71 |
.1Y - 2.2/.2 |
| Egg Yolk |
71.62 |
-3.85 |
61.19 |
5.2Y - 7.1/8.7 |
Egg Yolk |
36.71 |
.99 |
-14.35 |
4.5PB - 3.6/3.5 |
| Egg Yolk with Water |
72.97 |
-5.23 |
63.79 |
5.8Y - 7.2/9 |
Egg Yolk with Water |
44.26 |
-.56 |
-12.42 |
3.5PB - 4.3/3 |
| Butter |
79.25 |
-5 |
79.19 |
5.3Y - 7.8/11.3 |
Butter |
19.25 |
1.3 |
-3.12 |
8.1PB - 1.8/1.7 |
| Butter with Water |
82.87 |
-8.19 |
82.85 |
6.4Y - 8.2/11.6 |
Butter with Water |
83.47 |
-8.97 |
81.63 |
6.5Y - 8.2/11.5 |
|
|
| PAPER #4 Cotton: Sizing - 8 drops |
Conclusions
In conclusion I realized that my prediction about the linseed
oil and the butter absorbing through the paper was correct. Obviously the oil
was going to absorb straight through because it was pure oil. The only reason
the butter did not absorb straight through is because butter is made up of other
things besides oil. As for the colorimeter readings my prediction was incorrect.
I predicted that the egg yolk would be brighter than the gum arabic which is
untrue. Although the numbers are not very far apart the gum arabic proved to
be darker than the egg yolk. This is because the gum arabic is thicker than
the egg yolk.
In this experiment I realize that not all binders are good
to to mix with pigments simply because some do not mix well. I think that the
most successful mixture and the mixture that you could actually paint with would
be the butter mixed with the water. Although it was a little powdery, the colors
were bright, and it was easy to paint with. As for the sizing in the paper I
think that more sizing would need to be added even to paper #4 that had 8 drops
of sizing in it, if you wanted to use oil paint to paint on this type of handmade
paper. Otherwise the painting would be unsuccessful.
I enjoyed this project simply because it was interesting to
find out what types of binders would mix well with pigments.
